Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essays

Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essays Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essay Beck Depression Inventory Vs Hamilton Depression Scale Essay published in 1996 was authored by Aaron Beck, Robert A. Steer, and Gregory K. Brown. Similar to its predecessor, it consists of 21multiple pick inquiries that assist in finding the badness of depression. Each point consists of four statements arranged in order to determine the badness of a certain symptom of depression. BDI-II conforms to the DSM-IV standards for depression. Clients who are presented with the BDI-II are asked to reply each inquiry based upon the manner they have felt for the past two hebdomads in order to accurately conform to the DSM-IV standards. The BDI-II is intended for striplings and grownups and should non be administered to those under the age of 13. Scoring The BDI-II consists of 20 one inquiries, all of which correspond to a peculiar symptom of depression. Each point consists of a four point graduated table runing from 0-3. Items 16 and 18 consist of seven points which are used to bespeak an addition or lessening in both sleep forms and appetency. A entire mark of 0-13 is considered minimum scope, 14- 19 is considered mild, 20-28 is considered moderate, while 20-63 is considered to be terrible ( Beck, Steer and Brown, 1961 ) . The BDI-II may be scored by manus or by utilizing a package plan such as Q Local, where the tonss may be recorded and monitored by the clinician. The trial may be administered often, as it is intended to supervise symptoms that have occurred within a two hebdomad scope. Dependability Beck s Depression Inventory II has been used for many old ages with great success. Its dependability is still questioned by some. Sprinkle, Lurie, Insko, Atkinson, Jones, Logan and Bassada ( 2002 ) province that Although the BDI-II manual ( Beck, Steer, A ; Brown, 1996 ) and assorted other studies ( e.g. , Dozois et al. , 1998, and Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, A ; Beck, 1998 ) have offered significant grounds for the instrument s applaudable split-half internal consistence ( with reported coefficient alphas of.91 and somewhat higher ) , there are merely two published studies to day of the month on the instrument s test- retest dependability ( par.6 ) . Sprinkle et al. , ( 2002 ) further study Beck, Steer, and Brown ( 1996 ) reported on 26 outpatients ( no diagnostic information is offered ) who were administered the BDI-II at the times of their first and 2nd therapy Sessionss ( about one hebdomad apart ) , bring forthing a test-retest correlativity of.93 ( par 6 ) . Cogency Cogency of the BDI-II appears to be favourable. A survey conducted by Storch, Roberti and Roth ( 2002 ) examined the psychometric belongingss of the BDI-II. 414 pupils from two separate universities participated in the survey. Their consequences supported BDI-II two-factor construction mensurating cognitive-affective and bodily depressive symptoms ( par.1 ) . They concluded that the cogency of the BDI-II was supported by favourable consequences with self-report steps of depression and anxiousness ( par.1 ) . The consequences of this survey double past research of a college sample which supported the dependability and cogency of the BDI-II. Arnau, Meager, Norris, and Bramson ( 2001 ) besides conducted a psychometric rating of the BDI-II utilizing primary attention patients. The survey consisted of 340 primary attention patients ( 7 of which were eliminated due to incomplete responses ) . 68.8 % of the participants were female and the age group tested ranged from ages 18-54 ( M = 36.5, SD = 10.1, Arnau et al. , 2001 ) . The mean mark from the participants was 8.4 ( SD = 9.7 ) . They reported that tonss of 14 or higher, proposing at least a mild degree of depression ( Beck et al. , 1996 as cited in Arnau et al. , 2001 ) were observed in 23.2 % of the sample ( p.3 ) . Arnau et al. , ( 2001 ) besides found an alpha coefficient of.94, which they considered to be first-class internal consistence. They concluded that the BDI-II yielded strong grounds for the factorial cogency of the BDI-II in a primary attention puting ( p.6 ) . They found that the BDI-II could easy be implemented into the primary attention puting without interrupting patient flow. BDI-II Reappraisals Arbisi and Farmer, referees of BDI-II indicate that the BDI-II is easy to administrate and requires about five to ten proceedingss to finish. Arbisi provinces concern nevertheless, that there are no cogency indexs contained on the BDI or the BDI-II and the easiness of disposal of a self-report lends itself to the deliberate tailoring of self-report and deformation of the consequences ( Beck, Steeler A ; Brown, 1961 par. 5 ) . Arbisi and Farmer concur that the manual BDI-II was good written and provides a battalion of supportive information sing norms, factor construction, and notably, nonparametric item-option characteristic curves for each point ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 4 ) . They contend that the BDI-II has improved upon the original by updating the points to reflect modern-day diagnostic standards for depression and utilizing state-of-the-art psychometric techniques to better the discriminatory belongingss of the instrument ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 10 ) . Although the referees have noted their concern sing the deficiency of room for diverseness, Arbisi and Farmer appear to O.K. of its usage as a depression appraisal tool. Hamilton Depression Scale The Hamilton Depression Scale ( abbreviated as HDS, HAMD or HAD ) is used to mensurate the badness of symptoms of depression. For many old ages it was considered to be the gilded criterion . It was developed by Max Hamilton in the late fiftiess and was used to measure the public presentation of the first antidepressants. It was released in 1960. Upon its release, Hamilton acknowledged that it had room for betterment ( p. 56 ) . He revised the HDS in 1967. The HDS consists of 21 multiple pick inquiries. The first 17 inquiries determine the badness of the depression symptoms, while the extra four inquiries address the countries of paranoia and compulsion and their relation to depression.The HDS can be administered to both kids and grownups. It is considered to be easy to read and construe ; it is recommended that the HDS be administered merely by a accredited professional. Scoring The HDS was intended to be administered by an experient clinician by carry oning a clinical interview.A Scoring and administering the graduated table may be considered cumbrous as Hamilton did non supply structured guidelines for this intent. No standardised investigation inquiries were provided to arouse information from patients and no behaviorally specific guidelines were developed for finding each point s evaluation ( Health Care Technology Systems, 2010 ) . Seventeen points are rated on a 5-point ( 0-4 ) or a 3-point ( 0-2 ) graduated table. Overall tonss of 0-6 are considered normal. Tonss from 7-17 are declarative of mild depression. Tonss from 18-24 represent moderate depression. Tonss that are greater than 24 are representative of terrible depression. Dependability Bagby, Ryder, Schuller, and Marshall ( 2004 ) province that Clinician-rated instruments should show three types of dependability: 1 ) internal dependability, 2 ) retest dependability, and 3 ) interrater dependability ( par.4 ) . They contend that the internal dependability of the HDS estimations ranged from 0.46 to 0.97, and 10 surveies reported estimations 0.70 ( par.5 ) . They further contend that the bulk of points contained in the HDS indicate sufficient dependability.Per their testing, the undermentioned points were met in each sample: ( Guilt, in-between insomnia, psychic anxiousness, bodily anxiousness, GI, general somatic ) and an extra five points met the standards in all but one sample ( down temper, self-destruction, early insomnia, late insomnia, work and involvements, hypochondriasis ) ( par.6 ) . A possible job was suggested with loss of penetration, as it had the greatest figure of variables. Interrater dependability was considered to be hapless. Cicchetti and Pr usoff ( 1983, as cited in Reynolds and Kobak, 1995 ) province in a survey of interrater dependability of a 22-item version of the HDRS found low degrees of dependability for single points, with 14 of the 22 points showing intraclass correlativity coefficients of less than.40 ( par. 4 ) . Retest Dependability Tonss for the retest dependability of the HDS ranged from 0.81 to 0.98. Williams ( 1998 at cited in Bagby et al. , 2004 ) argued in favour of utilizing structured interview ushers to hike point and entire graduated table dependability and developed the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( par.8 ) . Making so increased the retest dependability to 0.54 in malice of the fact that merely four points met the necessary standards for dependability ; i.e. : depressed temper, early insomnia, psychic anxiousness, and loss of libido ( par.8 ) . Cogency The Hamilton Depression Scale is comprised of 1 ) Content, 2 ) Convergent, 3 ) Discriminant, 4 Factorial, and 5 ) Predicative Validity. Content cogency is determined by analyzing scale points to find correspondence with known characteristics of a syndrome ( Bagby et al. , 2004 par. 9 ) . Convergent cogency is sufficient when a graduated table indicates Pearson s R values of a lower limit of 0.50 in concurrence with steps of the same syndrome. Discriminant cogency is determined by bespeaking that groups that differ in diagnostic position may be separated through the usage of the graduated table. Predictive cogency of symptom badness steps such as the Hamilton depression graduated table is determined by a statistically important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) capacity to foretell alteration with intervention Bagby et al. , 2004 par. 9 ) . Factorial cogency may be established by utilizing factor analysis or principal-component analysis to bespeak that a positive illustration can be found in sever al samples. HDS Reviews Bernard Carroll wrote a missive to the editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry in December, 2005 entitled: Why the Hamilton Depression Scale Endures. He offers three grounds why the HDS remains the gilded criterion. First of wholly, he contends that Hamilton s HDS focused on patient s load of unwellness ( par.1 ) . He suggests that this is the ground why the HDS contains illustrations of anxiousness that are present in depressive episodes, but are non portion of the diagnosing for depression. He farther contends that Hamilton intended the usage of this graduated table for client s that are good known by the clinician. In this visible radiation, the HDS displays a scope from mild to extreme unwellness ( par. 1 ) . Second, Carroll contends that the demand for a revised graduated table based upon modern standards of major depression is non realistic. Carroll believes that Current definitions of major depression, instantiated in DSM-IV, for case, are intentionally atheoretical nominalist conventions that lack consolidative concepts, prognostic cogency, and explanatory power ( par.2 ) . He believes that this is the ground why those who are diagnosed with DSM-IV standards for major depression are so contrastive. He adds: In the hereafter, we might add biomarkers or endophenotypes to clinical symptoms in measuring depression, but that twenty-four hours is non here ( par.2 ) . Third, Carroll does non believe that the HDS has been outmatched in public presentation. He does non believe that the HDS is insensitive to alterations in the badness of depression symptoms. When compared to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, he believes that the Hamilton Depression Scale is superior in its sensitiveness to alter and in observing early alteration with intervention while holding the advantage of far more comprehensive symptom coverage ( par.3 ) . Carroll concludes his missive by saying The endurance of the Hamilton depression graduated table is singular, sing how many unauthorised, nonvalidated, mutant versions now circulate ( Hamilton s original 17 points have expanded to 28 at my last count ) . This is non progress, nevertheless, because the text versions and procedural usage in many modern-day intervention tests are corrupted ( par 4 ) . Paul C Burnett, a referee of the HDS contends that the manual is extended and comprehensive ( par.2 ) . The instructions for administrating the trial are clear and contain illustrations of the marking procedure. All of the symptoms contained in the trial are described and supply illustrations to be used in the interviewing procedure. He believes that the symptoms contained in the trial conform to the standards listed in the DSM-IV. The manual, which contains a sample of 202 down patients, is comprised of 76 % inmates, 24 % outpatients, and 69 % female ( par.3 ) . The manual contends that the demographics are just, despite the fact that no information is provided to back up this. He contends that the manual did non include informations to back up the process that was utilized to choose this demographic. Burnett states that Internal consistence estimations were found to be.79 and.81 for the clinical and self-report signifiers severally, bespeaking moderate dependability ( par. 4 ) . Other surveies suggest that the internal consistence scope from.45 to.95, which is stated in the manual as consistent with the consequences from the confirmation sample ( par.4 ) . Burnett does non see a scope of.45 to.81 as acceptable internal consistence. Burnett concludes that the HDS consists of a well written and concise manual, which clearly describes the disposal and hiting procedure. He finds that the two graduated tables have moderate internal consistence, sound coincident cogency, and comparatively consistent and stable factor constructions ( par. 7 ) . His lone ailment is that the confirmation sample is minimum and does non sufficiently describe the mode in which it was selected. The Stronger Assessment Tool Both Aaron Beck and Max Hamilton have created an assessment tool to find the badness of the symptoms of depression. While Hamilton s Depression Scale was considered to be the gilded criterion, and may be administered to both kids and grownups, one would hold to reason that Beck s Depression Inventory-II is the stronger of the two appraisals. It appears that the BDI-II can be administered with easiness and does non necessitate an interviewing procedure. The BDI-II has been revised to supervise the badness of symptoms of depression for the last two hebdomads, while Hamilton s HDS does non province such rigorous guidelines. It besides appears as though the BDI-II contains a stronger internal consistence with an alpha coefficient of.95 as opposed to the HDS internal coefficiency of.79 and.81. Another ground for this decision was the original purpose of usage of the graduated tables. Hamilton s HDS was developed to measure the public presentation of the first coevals of antidepressants, while Beck s Depression Inventory was developed to find the nature of the badness of symptoms of depression without the usage of medicine. Beck s BDI-II appears to hold surpassed the HDS as referees have considered this assessment tool as utilizing state-of-the-art psychometric techniques to better the discriminatory belongingss of the instrument ( Beck, Steer A ; Brown, 1961 par. 10 ) . It appears as though Beck s BDI-II is the preferable pick among today s clinicians.

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Analysis Of Ground Zero Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Ground Zero Tourism Essay In this section the author will analyse the different shades of dark tourism and analyse the shade and signification of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. In part of literature review, the author already has given out two main justifications for them, they are: memorial places and sign of the ugly side of war on terrorism. In this section, the author will have an in depth analysis these issues. Firstly, in previons section it is seen that dark exhibitions should be full of education, so the educational aspect will be looked at first. As people known, grief will damage the physical and mental health of human, and they should pay more attention on social activities, past memorises and get a vision for the future (Parkes 2002). Base on this theory, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum they record the grief of 9/11 terrorism attacks, but the new building of museum and rebuild the World Trade Center is a sign for people to remember the people who died in the attacks (memories of the past) and meet the new life (vision for the future), thus the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum confirm Parkerss (2002) point of view, telling people vividly about history and grief, thus these two places are not just places for people to remember, but also a sign for people to start a new life. In addition, in government website of 9/11 Memorial Museum they cooperated with New York City Department of Education and the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education (2011) to make teaching plans to offer useful educational programs to offer information and knowledge about the events of 9/11, history of attacks, and the post 9/11 world. Meanwhile, they also help people who have lost people in the terrorism attacks out of the pain and grief. The government website said they received many parents message that they do not know how to teach their children the history about 9/11 and what happened in the 9/11 terrorism attacks, in this way the 9/11 Memorial Museum offer a plan on their website to all parents, on how to tell the true history of 9/11 event to their children, and this information is all free. The objective is to face up to the history is necessary for the people, and everybody has a right to understand the history, thus the teaching and learning plans of 9/11 Memorial M useum offer an effective way for people to understand their history. From these, the 9/11 Memorial Museum provided a wealth of information is telling visitors the dangers of terrorism, stay away from terrorism, against terrorism and peace loving, has a strong role in education. There is another reason for people to understand the real terrorism attacks in the museum that is museum cooperation with StoryCorps to record the terrorist attacks of 26/02/1993 and 11/09/2001, which include the narratives from survivors, rescue workers, witnesses, service providers and other people impacted by these events, therefore the museum tries to restore the historical truth (9/11 Memorial Museum website). Rogers and Soyka (2004) suggest through an interview, that a survivors description, recording and voices from the scene, and pictures of the scene, are the best ways to show a true picture of 9/11. Based on these the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum tells the real history which expands range of educational activities. Above mentioned which not only shows education function of the 9/11 Memorial Museum, but also expression the social function, that is restore the true history to people. Through education, they hope to publicise the harmfulness of terrorism. The other major significance of the Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum is tell people how terrible terrorism is and how human will always oppose terrorism (Espiritu and Moore 2008). Based on the voice of survivors which is on exhibition in 9/11Memorial Museum, reveals the dread, alarm, helplessness, hopelessness and pain when the attacks happened (Miller 2011). Ground Zero is rebuilding on the site of the World Trade Center, and when people pass the site, they can see the ruins, which shows the destructive effect of terrorism. Meanwhile, the pictures in the 9/11 Memorial Museum show the whole history of 9/11 and pass 9/11, it tells visitors the true ugly features of terrorism and how beautiful peace is, and the visitor will be shocked through these pictures ( Bohland 2004). To view the various of all kinds of pictures, and hear the voices in the 9/11 Memorial Museum, as well as the ruins of the World Trade Cent er, both show people the danger, destructive and terrible side of terrorism. In addition, apart from except the above section, one of the major significance of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum is to provide a venue for people around the world to remember the 9/11, as well as to commemorate the people killed in this terrorism attack. After 9/11 in 2001, many visitors that go to the World Trade Center site have visited to grieve over the deaths. Especially in 9/11 2011, the ten years of 9/11 terrorism attacks, have seem the American people hold comment that memorial activities in the World Trade Center site. BBC News (2011) on that day many people went into the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon and Pennsylvania to honour the victims. On September 10, former US president George W Bush laid a wreath to honour the victims and on September 8, there were two lights piercing the horizon from the World Trade Center site to honour the tenth anniversary after the terrorism attacks. The 9/11 Memorial Museum was opened on that day (9/11 Memorial Museum we bsite and NY1 news, 2011). The main 9/11 Memorial Museum chose to open on the tenth anniversary to honour 9/11 attack. That day, it opened for victims family and was opened to the public on 12/09/2011. Because many people go to Ground Zero to honour victims, in order to reduce the traffic, as well as not to affect construction work around Ground Zero, thus the government built the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are centres of the people to remember the 9/11 terrorist attacks events. Another significance is the sign for the war on terrorism, as mentioned in the literature review. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the American government published policies against terrorist, and the World Trade Center was seen as the centre of the terrorist attacks, thus the new construction on the site of the World Trade Center has become one of the important symbol of the U.S. government anti terrorism (Melnick 2009). Education, restore true history, shows terrible of terrorism and sign of war on terrorism are major significations related to these two sites. Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum play a very important role on the fight against terrorism, and full of social function (education people, restore history) and service function (provide the pictures, videos, voice to people and provide places for people to remember) Based on the significations and the shade of dark tourism mentioned in the literature review, in the next section the author will use the table 1 to analysis the shade of the Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum. 4.2-2 Shade of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum Referring to the literature review, Miles (2002) writes that authors should understand distinction between sites associated with death and suffering, and sites of death and suffering. Based on this theory, Stone (2006) gives an example of Auschwitz Birkenau as a site of death and suffering, but the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC is belong to sites associated with death and suffering. Because the Auschwitz Birkenau is the direct place that the Nazi imprison and massacre the people, however, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum is a museum to memorial the massacre, it is a place to memorial the events, thus the shade of the Auschwitz Birkenau isdarker than the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. In Stones (2006) paper, he suggests that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦recent death and tragic events that may be transported in live memory through survivors or witnesses are perhaps darker than other events that have descended into the distant past Because of this, those dark events like the Auschwitz Birkenau and the Ground Zero which can be described as darker because of them can be proved by the survival and living the place could arouse a greater sense of empathy (Stone, 2006). As the above theories, the author considered the Ground Zero can be classified in darker and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is lighter than former, could be describe as dark. In the following part, the author will use table to analysis more details to explain why the Ground Zero is belong to darker and 9/11 Memorial Museum is dark Analysis through the table 1 from top to bottom, the first one is about polities. As known after 9/11 terrorism attacks events, American government implementation of a series of anti terrorism policies, and the strength is more strong than before the 9/11 events. The main and official aim is to exterminate al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. In 2002, the Bush administration will be the definition of state terrorism as the primary threat in the United States, and replace religious terrorism and defined Iraq and Iran as the main terrorism base because who have weapons of mass destruction (CNN U.S. 2002). Followed by March 2003, U.S. government sent troop to Iraq and announces the Iraq was a part of war on terrorism, it opened the prelude of the war on terrorism, and in April 2003 the Baghdad the capital of Iraq was fell and the government of Saddam Hussein was dissolved. After 9/11 events, former American President Bush, G. W. operation with former President of Pakistan to ag ainst the Taliban government in Afghanistan (USA Today News, 2006). In 2005, American government to amend the anti terrorism policy, and requalification terrorism objects, from original single al Qaeda expanded to more than 20 organisations (Argomaniz, 2010). Meanwhile, American government established Homeland Security Department to build a safer and more powerful structure of the Homeland Security Department (Department of Homeland Security website). This series of policy changes is the 9/11 events brought to American government, also caused changes in government policy. Based on table 1, it shows if the site has a higher political influence it will be trend to darker, thus Ground Zero as the events center it should be belong to darker. However, the 9/11 Memorial Museum as a new building to remember the people death in 9/11 it not influence the polities, but why it is also classified in the darker or dark, it can not just analysis one aspect, it will be explain from other element of table 1. The next element will be analysed is education orientation. At the first of this part the author already mentioned the signification of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, it include full content of education. Based on above information, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are have high education for people, and the 9/11 Memorial Museum also offer many useful action to show the educational significance to visitors, and some project in museum could help the parents to teach their children, this is also played a significant role in the education of next generation. On this element, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are have a very strong education role, thus them should be part of darker. From history aspect, Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum both are record the history. In the table 1, it say of the sites are trend to darkest which should be the history centric and conservation of commemorative. As know, Ground Zero is build in the site of the World Trade Center, the new building is witness of this history of 9/11 events and 9/11 Memorial Museum collected many pictures, voices, stories and videos about that events, it the best save of that events, shows real history and also can restore the truth history for future generations. In term of commemorative, the author already gives out many factors to proved Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum full of memorable. It is worth mentioning that based on the 9/11 Memorial Museum website the purpose and mission is better remember and memorial people who death in 9/11 attacks. Consequently, there is no doubt that these two places main function is memory. In this regard, they also trend to be darker. There is another side also can prove Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are pertain to darker. Based on shade of dark tourism, if product include perceived authentic it could be belong to darker. Although, Ground Zero is building in the site of the World Trade Center, the new building will recover the site, but the face of terrorist attacks at this site will not be changed and many memorial activates in here could engender a degree empathy to visitors. The products in 9/11 Memorial Museum are the directly materials which related to the terrorist attacks, such as pictures of the scene of terrorist attacks, video recording of the World Trade Center which was attacked., photos of victims and people can share the story about 9/11 attacks, all of these are let people feel very directly of destructive of 9/11 attacks. These products of 9/11 Memorial Museum can make a strong resonance for visitors. Direct show 9/11 and make visitors feel a real 9/11 are the feature of products in Ground Z ero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. In the table 1, it mentioned the location authenticity. In this paper the author has been mentioned many times that Ground Zero is build in the site of the World Trade Center and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is near by the attacks site, in terms of location these two place are very close to terrorist attacks. The last one is tourism infrastructure and supply. The infrastructure is defined as basic facility and physical for an organization needed for operation or service to match the function and aim (Jeffrey, 2009). After Ground Zero build, it will be use as business it must include many high level and complete facilities and infrastructure for people, in the 9/11 Memorial Museum, in order to provide a good service to visitors the museum also use many high tech infrastructure. Concerned to supple of 9/11 Memorial Museum, the purpose is very clear, that is to remember the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as the victims. Based on these two aspects and table 1, Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum they are not trend to darker. However, consider the issued should from different perspective to analysis and then conclude. Based on analysis from above, in the vast majority of aspects the shade of Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are trend to darker side, thus the author consider Ground Z ero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are belong to darker in the shade of dark tourism. 4.2 3 Conclusion In this section, the author give out more details about the signification, shown that Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are full of memorable and historical dark tourism sites. It also a major symbol of the war on terror. Especially the 9/11 Memorial Museum, is very suitable for school and parents to educate the children abut the 9/11 attacks, and make them know how horrible the terrorism is, at the same time is the best place to memorial victims. Understand the shade could help the author depth understand Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum as a multifaceted and complex tourism products. Based on Stones (2006) point, dark not means bad, the darker is closer to the actual event. In Stone (2006) paper says Auschwitz Birkenau can be described as darker. In this case study, the author based on elements of table 1 (the shade of dark tourism) to analysis Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum form many aspect and concluded Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum are trend to darker th at is rigorous and theoretical basis. Understanding of nature of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum, enables the author better analysis the strategies which Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum they used in operations, and help the 9/11 Memorial Museum better to achieve the goals and aim. In the next part, the author will based on these information which mentioned above and through the main strategies for Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum from 2001 to 2011 to depth analysis details about strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. 4.3 Strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum 4.3 1 Differentiation strategy In this section, the author will analysis the strategies of Ground Zero and 9/11 Memorial Museum. In the table 2, the author summarized the main strategies which used during 2001 to 2011, from the table it shows the main strategies of these two places is rebuild and build a new building to memory which decided by American and New York government. In 2001, after 9/11 attacks, American government decided to rebuild the World Trade Center at the site and quickly began to implement this plan, in same year announced the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) as the official commission. From this, American government officially began the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. Meanwhile, in the same year, after 9/11 attacks American government published some anti terrorist policies, this mean America declared war on terror, and rebuild the World Trade Center is also a reflection of the war on terrorism. The strategy of rebuild the World Trade Center is not only to memory the 9/1 1 attacks, to revive the confidence of Americans, it is also a reflection of terrorism by the American government (Melnick, 2010). During these ten years, the other main construction strategy is build the 9/11 Memorial Museum. In 2004 the official commission Lower Manhattan Development Corporation decisions design the museum and in 2005 design the mission of museum. Determine of mission is also determine the characteristically of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Based on the 9/11 Memorial Museum website the museum has two main mission. The first is remembered and honor the victims by terrorists in the horrific attacks of February 26, 1993 and September 11, 2001 and this is a very important main mission of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The second is respect this place made sacred through tragic loss. Based on the mission, it caused the author chose differentiation and cost leadership strategies to develop the 9/11 Memorial Museum which was mentioned in the literature review. In September 11, 20 11, the ten anniversary of 9/11 the 9/11 Memorial Museum was opened for victims families and September 12, 2011 opened for public for memorial and the museum will open in 2013 (Cohen, 2012). These strategies are specific actions of American and New York government, the author considered that need more professional strategy framework to analysis the Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum and give out more details. Because Ground Zero will be as a business center in the future (Watts, 2009) and the memorial function is a part of it, thus in this section the author will pay more attention on strategies of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Based on the mission and Porters framework (Evans et, al. 2003 refer Porter, 1985) the author chose two strategies to develop the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The first one is differentiation. Evans et, al (2003) point that the main benefits for differentiation strategy are the following four aspect. The first is the products will be sale by a premium price, because the product is different from others, thus the product could be as an advantage for the organisation and the price will add more value. The second benefit is demand for its product will be less price elastic than demand for competitors products, that means the product is in a class by the organisation, the organisation could decide the elastic of price by themselves. The next is average profits can be earned. And the last one is can create good environment for entry the industry and new market. Distinctive product could help the organisation attracts more customer if the product meet the customers needs, and can be occupy domina nt position in the competitive. Meanwhile, Evans et, al (2003) also give out the some suggestions for organisations to help them how to achieve a successful differentiation strategy. There are five ways. The first way is creating a superior product than competitors, which is means the product will be excellent in the industry. Then is offer a superior level of service, the quality and characteristics of the product is important, but it is also very important for services, that include pre sale service, the services of sale, as well as after sales services. The third is the organisation should have a superior distribution channels, a good distribution channels could make the orgainsation occupy a better network and branches and will take more newcomer. The next one is creating a strong brand image, the status of the brand image in customers mind is increasingly important. In the same price, or a little bit of price difference, customers often choose the product which has a good bra nd image. The last one is offer a superior promotion, based on Evans et, al (2003) a successful promotion could give a very deep impression for customers, when they wants to buy similar products, their mind will think of the organisations products first and the choice of customers will take precedence. In this case study, as the Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum are nonprofit organisation, therefore main aim of them are not earn profit, thus the author will main focus on services, brand image and promotion to analysis. Primarily, the author will analysis the service of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. A high quality services could offer a good atmosphere to customers. In the 9/11 Memorial Museum, the organisatin should try them best to make a good environment for victims families and visitors memory. In this aspect, the 9/11 Memorial Museum offers many useful products for customers and also provides services for customers requirements. Firstly, the 9/11 Memorial Museum offers true information about terrorism attacks for visitors, it include pictures, video, stories from survival and others. In the website of the 9/11 Memorial Museum, the author found some people ask them do not know how to tell their children what is terrorism and how to tell a real 9/11 attacks for next generation, the 9/11 Memorial Museum based on visitors needs to offer many documents about talk to children about 9/11, and cooperation with the New York City Department of Education and the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education to offer 9/11 lessons for people and to meet the mission of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. For visitors come to the 9/11 Memorial Museum the main purpose is to memory, based on this, the 9/11 Memorial Museum hold memorial exhibition, and the exhibition provide an opportunity for visitors to learn about the men, women and children who died on September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993, the 9/11 Memorial Museum use a corridor to show photographs of the nearly 3000 victims form a wall of faces who died in the terrorism attacks to visitors. Visitor can better memory the victims through this way, and the wall of faces will help visitors more intuitive understand many people died in terrorism attacks and understand the destructive of terrorism. Not all the visitors can go to the 9/11 Memorial Museum to visit, in this reason, the 9/11 Memorial Museum use google earth to explore the 9/11 memorial within the context of the surrounding landscape of lower Manhattan. This is include mapping program, cre ates a virtual look at the World Trade Center site, dimensionally accurate 3D model and other planned projects at the 16 acre site. This can better meet more peoples requirements who want to memory 9/11 and victims, and also provides a good platform for visitor to know about the 9/11 and understanding terrorism. Then is brand image, as a memorial site the brand of 9/11 Memorial Museum is different from other organisations. The 9/11 attacks is the brand of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Refer mentioned above, the brand image could help organisation attracts more customers, but for the 9/11 Memorial Museum it not want to attract visitors, it want to offer a real 9/11 to visitors. Frank (2008) refers that for a museum a strong brand image can be a major asset and should position of the institutional brand, and for a new museum it can try to establish with an unusual subject. For the 9/11 Memorial Museum, it certainly exhibition an unusual show. The 9/11 Memorial Museum as a one of the most important places to memorial of the 9/11, its position is unique. Mentioned 9/11 people would think about the World Trade Center and Ground Zero, and when mentioned where to memory the people will choose Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, in the other hands the purpose to build the 9/11 Memorial Museum is t he government want to offer a dedicated place for memory. As a result the brand image of the 9/11 Memorial Museum is unique and it is a strong image in visitors mind who want to memory the victims died in 9/11 attacks. Frank (2008) also point out a good brand image can provide reinforcement of mission, operating stability and increased revenue. In this theory, the 9/11 Memorial Museum in order to meet the mission, it should keep and maintain unique brand, and through offer real information about 9/11 attacks and high level of service to improve the brand image to make more people choose the 9/11 Memorial Museum to memory and understand the 9/11 attacks. The last one is promotion. As a memory place the main purpose it make visitors get more experiences from the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Carman (2010) points out the important thing for promotion to museum status is understand why do people visit museums at all? In this case study the author mentioned many times, the visitors go to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is in order to memory and understand the real 9/11 attacks, thus the promotion of the 9/11 Memorial Museum should based on the purpose to decided. Also based on the website of 9/11 Memorial Museum it not try to attract many visitors through promotion, it just use promotion to publicity how threatening and destructive of terrorism, and will bring huge damage for human. In this reason, the promotion for the 9/11 Memorial Museum is different from other museum, in the website the 9/11 Memorial Museum established a special column about 9/11 attacks, people could share stories in there. This special column offer a platform for survivor, victims families, and visitors to deep feel 9/11 attacks, in this column there are many stories shared, and it is a effective way to stimulate people go to the 9/11 Memorial Museum to visit and to know more. Wherefore, the 9/11 Memorial Museum should show some experiences to people to motive them, make more visitors come to the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and achieve the aim for make more people understand 9/11 and approach the mission. 4.3 2 Cost leadership strategy Based on Evans et, al. (2003) the benefits for an organisation through strategy of cost leadership are summarised as following aspects, the first one is the organisation could earn high profits and possibility to increase both sale and market share in the industry. Then is help organization entry new market and particularly valuable in a market where customers are price sensitive. How to make this strategy successful? Refer to Evans et, al (2003) they give out some way to achieve this strategy: reducing cost : reduce cost is a effective way to occupy more market share, because the organisation has price advantage. using less expensive resource inputs: reduce the inputs could make organisation ensure the price advantage, eg: easyJet. Producing products with no frills, this way could reducing labour cost and increasing labour productivity. Achieving economies of scale by high volume sales: the high volume of sales is a good way to ensure the profits. For the 9/11 Memorial Museum and Ground Zero, they are nonprofits organisations, but they have many partner to support them, especially for the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Through the website, the partners are including: 9/11 National Day of Service, 9/11 Tribute Center, Project Rebirth, Story Corps and Voices of September 11th. All of them are helping the 9/11 Memorial Museum to enrich content. Evans et, al (2003) refer that the definition of cost leadership is organisation and managing its value adding activities so as to be the lowest cost producer of a product (a good or service) within an industry The information from the website of the 9/11 Memorial Museum, the budget for the 9/11 Memorial Museum funded by private and public funds, is $530 million, and in additional, New York State grant $80 million. A wide range of support for the government decided to build the 9/11 Memorial Museum to reduce the burden. Compare with other museums, the 9/11 Memorial Museum add and attach a lot of significance which was mentioned in the above. Special signification of historical and memorable for the 9/11 Memorial Museum makes this museum has a certain degree of competitiveness. Moreover, the 9/11 Memorial Museum provides various useful products, information and hold many activities (these are mentioned in 4.2 and 4.3 1) to meet visitors needs, all of these are make this museum as the choice to memory the 9/11 for many people. 4.3 3 Conclusion The 9/11 Memorial Museum as a nonprofits organisation, strategies for it not in order to earn money, the aim for these strategies are help the 9/11 Memorial Museum achieve the aim and mission. As a place for people to memory 9/11 attacks, the 9/11 Memorial Museum should provide a very high level and quality of service to people, and ensure the visitors could take experiences from the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Miles (2002) points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦dark tourism site must engender a degree of empathy between the sightseer and the past victim (or product) For the 9/11 Memorial Museum, many products are collection by primary resources, such as photographs, videotapes, voice messages, recovered property, clothing and other personal effects, workplace memorabilia, incident specific documents, and original writings including letters, e mails and diaries, all of them will stimulate visual sense, emotion, empathy and mood of the visitors. However, these strategies which mentioned above are useful way for the 9/11 Memorial Museum to engender empathy with visitors. In this section, the author anaysis how the differentiation and cost leadership strategies used in the 9/11 Memorial Museum, and give out the signification and functions of these strategies. Because of these strategies, which ensure the 9/11 Memorial Museum achieve the mission and the aim, and the continuous realisation of the aim and mission ensure the 9/11 Memorial Museum has been in a position to provide people with a positive sense. In the 4.1 the author analysis the negative and positive of dark tourism, avoid the negative aspects and develop the positive aspect is very serious for a museum, in terms of the 9/11 Memorial Museum, keep the positive mission and follow the mission to decide strategies could avoid negative aspects as much as possible. Chapter 5 Conclusion This chapter aims to bring together and conclude the main findings and procedures of this case study. The author uses secondary research to collect the information and data and uses theory for analysis, starting with characteristics and properties of dark tourism, Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum which include the nature, positive aspects and negative aspects, these analyse help the author achieve the objective about an evaluate dark tourism, and relate to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum is closed to the case study. Then specific to Ground Zero and the 9/11 Memorial Museum, the chapter 4.2 analyse significance and shade of them. In this chapter the author began

Seattle Sonics On-Line Communities :: Internet Technology Chat Essays

Seattle Sonics On-Line Communities My first thoughts and reactions to on-line communities are I'm not interested; only people who are true technology enthusiasts use on-line communities; and on-line communities are used primarily for entertainment. Obviously my relationship with on-line communities is apparent - I really have not had much experience. I use email to keep in touch with family and friends and my experiences using DaMoo in this English class certainly qualify for experience, but I know that researching NBA basketball on-line communities will begin to demonstrate to me what is available. My initial assumptions and imaginations about on-line communities are formed by personal preferences in how I choose to communicate, limited knowledge and understanding, and most significantly limited experiences. I use email to communicate for a variety of purposes. I will send a brief message to somebody I intend to call or write a letter to very soon to let them know I am thinking about them. I also use email to send information that would be more beneficial to see in text than hear as a voice message such as emailing a student in any of my classes at CSUN about an upcoming assignment. However, email is not my first choice of communication. For example, I just received an email from a friend of mine in Oregon who I have not heard from in many months. She sent me a lengthy and involved email about what has been happening with her and her family. As I was beginning to email her back I stopped to instead write her a letter. Using a chosen note card and handwriting a letter conveyed a more personal approach to the correspondence. Of course, I email many people often, but there are instances where I feel that communicating via email is not as personal and thoughtful. Although I do suggest that I lack much experience with on-line communities, the work I have been doing in this English 305 class with DaMoo has begun to alter my feelings of dissociation with on-line communities. I can not continue to have the preconception that on-line communities are used primarily for entertainment unless I consider talking on-line about a web article with Michael Day's class solely entertaining. Simply being able to discuss readings, work, and ideas with students and teachers who are in Illinois while I am in a California classroom is both fascinating and helpful.

Reducing Gang Violence

In order to reduce gang violence I would implement community crime prevention programs or strategies targeting changes in community infrastructure, culture, and the physical environment. Furthermore, gang violence will be reduced by executing a diversity of  approaches including  neighborhood watch, community policing, urban or physical design, and comprehensive or multi-disciplinary efforts. These strategies may seek to engage residents, community and faith-based organizations, and local government agencies in addressing the factors that contribute to the community’s crime, delinquency, and disorder.As a means of reaching out to offenders of gang violence I would administer social interventions that would involve a variety of services provided to gang members, such as remedial education, recreational activities (e. g. , softball games involving both gangs), counseling in homes and on the streets, crisis counseling, and referral to drug treatment and mental health services . Employing more community youth workers that would be responsible for reaching out, contacting, and providing a range of limited but intensive services to youth gang members.A form of public education by providing economic and social opportunities through the access of jobs and to job training, as well as educational resources and educating the community by informing them that gang problems result from the interaction of sociological, demographic, economic, and cultural factors along with social instability and lack of economic opportunity. Having more people understand where this stems from can lead to concentrating on assessing the needs of youths and providing them with individualized support services and suppression/control by involving their families, local organizations, and their communities.This program will be based as an extension of the Juvenile Court facilities in Salinas, CA. It will be administered through our city’s Sherriff’s office and the office of t he Attorney General. It will be paid for by trying to get a cooperative agreement award from the State of California and from donations and fund raisers. The program should include local police officers, probation officers, community youth workers, church groups, boys and girls clubs, and several local residents who work as a team to understand gang structures and provide social intervention and social opportunities whenever possible.The program should reach out to youths unable to connect with legitimate social institutions. Youths at different points in their lives need different things. Older gang members may be ready to secure a legitimate job and need training and education to do so. Younger youths at risk of becoming gang members may need alternative schools or family counseling. The program should provide individualized services for each youth based on his or her needs. This not only consists of surveillance, arrest, probation, and imprisonment to stop violent behavior, but a lso involves greater communication between agency service providers and control providers.All providers jointly decide what happens to a youth when trouble arises or when it is about to. All workers need to work closely with one another and collaborate. Former gang members working as community youth workers need to be given as much respect as police officers in the program. Each group can provide important information for the program that the other may not be able to obtain. Works Cited Crime Solutions (2010). Program Profile Comprehensive Gang Model. Retrieved from http://www. crimesolutions. ov/ProgramDetails. aspx? ID=278 (OJJDP) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2010. Best Practices to Address Community Gang Problems: OJJDP’s Comprehensive Gang Model. Second Edition. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 15 Mar. 2013. Web. Spergel, Irving A. , and Susan F. Gr ossman. 1997. â€Å"The Little Village Project: A Community Approach to the Gang Problem. † Social Work 42:456–70. Reducing Gang Violence In order to reduce gang violence I would implement community crime prevention programs or strategies targeting changes in community infrastructure, culture, and the physical environment. Furthermore, gang violence will be reduced by executing a diversity of  approaches including  neighborhood watch, community policing, urban or physical design, and comprehensive or multi-disciplinary efforts. These strategies may seek to engage residents, community and faith-based organizations, and local government agencies in addressing the factors that contribute to the community’s crime, delinquency, and disorder.As a means of reaching out to offenders of gang violence I would administer social interventions that would involve a variety of services provided to gang members, such as remedial education, recreational activities (e. g. , softball games involving both gangs), counseling in homes and on the streets, crisis counseling, and referral to drug treatment and mental health services . Employing more community youth workers that would be responsible for reaching out, contacting, and providing a range of limited but intensive services to youth gang members.A form of public education by providing economic and social opportunities through the access of jobs and to job training, as well as educational resources and educating the community by informing them that gang problems result from the interaction of sociological, demographic, economic, and cultural factors along with social instability and lack of economic opportunity. Having more people understand where this stems from can lead to concentrating on assessing the needs of youths and providing them with individualized support services and suppression/control by involving their families, local organizations, and their communities.This program will be based as an extension of the Juvenile Court facilities in Salinas, CA. It will be administered through our city’s Sherriff’s office and the office of t he Attorney General. It will be paid for by trying to get a cooperative agreement award from the State of California and from donations and fund raisers. The program should include local police officers, probation officers, community youth workers, church groups, boys and girls clubs, and several local residents who work as a team to understand gang structures and provide social intervention and social opportunities whenever possible.The program should reach out to youths unable to connect with legitimate social institutions. Youths at different points in their lives need different things. Older gang members may be ready to secure a legitimate job and need training and education to do so. Younger youths at risk of becoming gang members may need alternative schools or family counseling. The program should provide individualized services for each youth based on his or her needs. This not only consists of surveillance, arrest, probation, and imprisonment to stop violent behavior, but a lso involves greater communication between agency service providers and control providers.All providers jointly decide what happens to a youth when trouble arises or when it is about to. All workers need to work closely with one another and collaborate. Former gang members working as community youth workers need to be given as much respect as police officers in the program. Each group can provide important information for the program that the other may not be able to obtain. Works Cited Crime Solutions (2010). Program Profile Comprehensive Gang Model. Retrieved from http://www. crimesolutions. ov/ProgramDetails. aspx? ID=278 (OJJDP) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2010. Best Practices to Address Community Gang Problems: OJJDP’s Comprehensive Gang Model. Second Edition. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 15 Mar. 2013. Web. Spergel, Irving A. , and Susan F. Gr ossman. 1997. â€Å"The Little Village Project: A Community Approach to the Gang Problem. † Social Work 42:456–70.

Neptune essays

Neptune essays Neptunes surface is very different than most of the planets surfaces. Neptune has a rocky inner core, which is completely surrounded by water. Its atmosphere is made up of seventy-four percent hydrogen, twenty-five percent helium, and one-percent methane. The Climate Neptune has a very frigid climate. The water surrounding Neptunes core is freezing cold. Neptune also has the highest recorded wind in the whole solar system. The winds were reported at over 2,000 kilometers per hour. The storms that occur on Neptune move very quickly. The atmosphere on Neptune is so cold that some of the clouds are actually frozen water. Contrary to what many people believe, Saturn isnt the only planet with rings. Neptune, along with many other planets, has rings also. Neptunes rings are narrow and contain concentrations of particles called ring arcs. The rings are made of dark matter and scientists do not know exactly what they are made of. One system of rings has an unusual arrangement which is somewhat twisted. Scientists think that these rings are twisted because the original material of the rings was in clumps that formed streaks as the material orbited Neptune. The rings around Neptune are so faint that when the satellite, The Voyager, took pictures of it, the brightness of the planet mad it so the rings were almost impossible to see. Like most planets, Neptune was named after a Roman god. Neptune was the god of water. Neptune, the planet, was named after the god Neptune because of its blue color. Neptunes largest moon was named after Triton, the god of the sea and Neptunes son. Since Neptune is the eighth planet away from the sun it is very hard to see even if you are using a telescope. Because the planet Plutos orbit is quite random, Neptune is sometimes the ninth planet away from the sun making the view e ...

Writing an Economics Essay

Writing an Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers Writing an Economics Essay Any type of communication implies a sender, a medium and a receiver. The sender is the one who sends the message, the medium is the means by which the message is sent, and the receiver is the one who receives and interprets the message. Let us look at this and apply it to Economics examination conditions. The exam paper, which is given to you by the examiner right at the beginning, is a set of instructions to follow during that period of time. At this point the examiner is the sender, the exam paper, in our case, written in the English language is the medium, and you are the receiver. As the receiver you expect the paper to have clear instructions, e.g. duration of the exam, how many questions to answer and from which section, etc., as well as clearly written questions in good English. Although you are sitting for an Economics paper, your understanding of English must be good, for how will you know what is required of you unless you understand the language, or as we have called it, the medium? From this point onwards, the roles are reversed. It is you, the student, who now become the sender. You will now communicate with the examiner through the answers to the questions set. You will express yourself through the medium of English on the writing paper provided and the examiner now becomes the receiver. The more you keep in mind the process of communication, the better your chances of succeeding in your exam. Essay Writing in Economics In order to write a good essay, you must keep in mind two very important considerations. One is that you have to have good presentation skills and the other is that what you write is relevant to the question or questions asked. Let us first consider the point of good presentation. Put it this way, what do you think when someone scribbles something and you cannot understand for the life of you what the scribbling means? Don’t you think there is a communication problem? Good presentation therefore means that your handwriting must be legible. The problem may be greater than you think. It’s not good enough that you understand what you write; others must also understand it. If you want to test yourself, try looking at something that you wrote some time ago, and see whether you can still read what you wrote. Even for those with normally neat handwriting, examination pressure may cause their handwriting to deteriorate. It is very easy for the student to get carried away and neglect legibility in an exam, especially if time is running out after one or two essays. Compare the first essay with the last essay that you write! Good presentation also involves the layout of your paper. A wide margin at the side will make the paper appear neater. Official exam writing paper usually already has wide margins. Try not to cram words towards the right hand side of the paper, either. The layout of a paper can be much improved by a greater use of paragraphs. Instead of presenting a whole block of words and sentences, split it up into smaller paragraphs. Skip one line between one paragraph and another. It makes for neater presentation and makes reading the essay less tedious. This also keeps the examiner happy. He or she is a human being. Keep him or her on your side. Content The other very important consideration in writing an essay is content. Content refers to the actual material that you write down. Putting it simply, you must answer the question that you choose with the proper material and in the required manner. Answers must be relevant, that is they must show what you know about what is being asked of you, not all that you know about a subject or a topic. Read the question well, think about it, write down all the points that come into your mind on a rough sheet of paper, number these points in order of importance and develop the most relevant ones while discarding the least relevant points. Voila, that is your essay plan, as easy and as simple as that. In writing an essay, your problem should be more of what you are going to leave out, rather than of what you are going to write down! Essay Skills Two types of essays questions are set by examination boards in A Level Economics, including the Matsec Board. These are structured and unstructured essays, and there is an increasing tendency for the local Matsec Board to set structured ones. While structured questions are divided into two or more parts, unstructured questions consist of one question, sometimes two, with one leading to the other. An example of a structured question is: a. Explain what is meant by the natural rate of unemployment? (5 marks) b. Evaluate the effects of demand-side and supply-side policies on the natural rate of unemployment. (15 marks) An unstructured question may look like this: How far may the law of comparative cost advantage adequately explain the existence of trade? (20 marks) A structured question is more straightforward and the different questions should be answered separately. However, an unstructured question may also be broken down into smaller questions, and the above example may be written as: a. Explain the law of comparative cost advantage. ( 7 marks) b. Show whether the law of comparative cost advantage explains trade or are there other reasons for the existence of trade? (13 marks) Research Papers on Writing an Economics EssayStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMind TravelAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West Meet

Parking Problem At Florida State University Essay

Parking Problem At Florida State University - Essay Example By Improving the potential circulation and movement of these pathways and also eliminating various pathways which make the procedure cumbersome for pedestrians, will certainly improve the overall process. It is also evident that landscaping, protected walkways, and pathways and also adequate lighting facilities will help in enhancing the overall pedestrian experience and will improve the parking facilities. Students having bicycles or motorbikes will also be facilitated if the bicycle paths are made. An important thing to note, however, is that a bike path may not be highly convenient or effective if it is inconsistent with its procedures. According to Lyons, a bike pathway which can only create lanes of roadways which can merely switch to a sidewalk will merely create problems for potential riders and will also create conflicts and other problems for the pedestrians. By evaluating and analyzing these highly important procedures, Florida University would certainly have a concrete vie w of where we can focus on our efforts as well as all our technical resources. But, the higher authorities of this institute could be blamed for the occurrence or potential occurrence of such administrative shortages. The core requirement in this regard is the creation of a mutual alliance between teachers, students, school administrative authorities and all other stakeholders involved. The higher authorities in the university have to understand how essential a spacious parking space would be for students and other school staff.

HR google case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HR google case study - Essay Example In human resource management studies theories do not match exactly with the observations of the reality. These divergences between the reality and the theory are described by the largely by the chaos theory. Almost all business houses use this theory to manage their internal human resources. But some of them apply their own understanding of the theory and management system. Google is one of those business houses which are more concerned about applying their own style of chaos management. This paper tries to evaluate Google’s chaos management style and its advantages and disadvantages and also tries to judge whether this strategy can be sustainably used in the future. Importance of chaos management style: Chaos management style is not a new concept. In 1988 Tom Peter, in his book Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution, has shown the importance of the theory in management theories. During this era most of the businesses and managers were in the same line regardi ng their view on chaos in the management. They have argued that chaos needs to be avoided at any cost. Chaos in the management system was one of the most hated concepts by the managers and businesses. But once managers have realised that they have to survive in the new, fast-growing world they have to learn more about the theory and to apply it in the context of their businesses. With the disappearance of the ordered working class, electrical type writers and mailing posts the need for understanding and need to apply the theory in favour of the growth of businesses started to rise. In this regard the company that has learnt used the theory was Goolge. The company has used the theory at large in their human resource management strategies and has increased its profits and revenues to great extent (Googling out of control: Can Google’s chaos management style ensure continuing success?, 2007, p.25). Brief history of Google: Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two graduate students at Sta nford University in California, developed Google as a search engine as part of their graduate research project. In 1996 Google was first introduced as a search engine in Stanford University’s internal wed sites. From 1998 it became the complete commercial company. After its foundation it became the largest search engine company in the world. Google and chaos management system: Google is a prominent example of the company that has used chaos and has succeeded to earn profits from it. With the advent of use of new technologies in the businesses the need for the theory increased at a large scale. While traditional businesses were more concerned about manufacture, sale and distribute goods and services, modern businesses use technologies at large scales and their companies cover large areas of businesses. Hence, the need for understanding and using the theory is more for them. Rapid uses of Internet, cell phones, fax, photocopies have made all these businesses to apply the theory . Hence, people started to use the theory in different internal and external structures of their business organisations. Google understands this fact and starts to apply the theory in its human resource management section and have gained large benefits. The chaos management system is one of the most important ways to handle the modern working environment â€Å"where information ‘‘storms’’ can create information overload†